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General

• de Nahlik, A.J. (1992) Management of Deer and Their Habitat. Wilson Hunt
• Prior, R. (1987) Deer Management in Small Woodlands. The Game Conservancy/British Deer Society.
• Prior, R. (1994) Trees and Deer; 2nd edition. Swan Hill Press
• Putman R.J. (2004) The Deer Manager’s Companion: A Guide to Deer Management in the wild and in parks. Swan Hill Press ISBN 1-904057-03-9
• Springthorpe, G.D. and Myhill, N.G. (1985) The Wildlife Ranger’s Handbook. Forestry Commission
• Apollonio, M., Andersen, R., and Putman, R.J. (eds.) (2009) European Ungulates and their Management in the 21st century, in press with Cambridge University Press.
• Putman, R.J., Apollonio, M. and Andersen, R. (eds.) (2009) Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices. in press with Cambridge University Press.

Legislation

• Parkes, C. and Thornley, J. (2009) Deer; Law and Liabilities; 2nd edition. Swan Hill Press

Wider reading

In comparing UK legislation with the law in other countries, you may find helpful:

• Putman, R.J. (2009) A review of the various legal and administrative systems governing management of large herbivores in Europe. In: Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices (eds. R.J. Putman, M. Apollonio and R. Andersen), Cambridge University Press, in press.

Census methods

• Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. and Laake, J.L. (1993) Distance Sampling: Estimating the Abundance of Biological Populations. Chapman and Hall, London.
• Daniels, M.J. (2006). Estimating red deer Cervus elaphus populations: an analysis of variation and cost-effectiveness of counting methods. Mammal Review, 36:235-247.
• Mayle, B.A., Peace, A.J. and Gill, R.M.A. (1999) How Many Deer? A Field Guide to Estimating Deer Population Size. Forestry Commission Field Book 18. HMSO.
• Mayle, B.A., Putman, R.J. and Wyllie, I. (2000) The use of trackway counts to establish an index of deer presence. Mammal Review, 30, 233-237.
• Mayle, B.A. and Staines, B.W. (1998) An overview of methos used for estimating the size of deer populations in Great Britain. In Population Ecology, Management and Welfare of Deer (eds. C.R.Goldspink, S.King and R.J.Putman) pp. 19-31, British Deer Society/Universities' Federation for Animal Welfare.
• Morellet, N., Klein, F. and Andersen, A. (2009) The census and management of populations of ungulates in Europe. In: Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices (eds. R.J. Putman, M. Apollonio and R. Andersen), Cambridge University Press, in press.
• Putman, R.J. and Watson, P. (2009) To develop an impact assessment methodology for use beyond the site scale. Commissioned Report for the National Trust
• Ratcliffe,P.R. (1987) Red deer population changes and the independent assessment of population size. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 58, 153-165.
• Staines, B.W. and Ratcliffe, P.R. (1987) Estimating the abundance of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) and their current status in Great Britain. In Mammal Population Studies, (ed. S.Harris), Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 58, 131-152.
• Tabor, R.(2004) Assessing deer activity and damage in woodlands. Deer 13, 27-29.
• Vincent, J-P., Gaillard, J-M. and Bideau, E. (1991) Kilometric index as biological indicator for monitoring forest roe populations. Acta theriologica 36, 315-328.
• White, G.C. and Eberhardt, L.E. (1980) Statistical analysis of deer and elk pellet-group data. Journal of Wildlife Management 44, 121-131
• Williams, B.K., Nichols, J.D. & Conroy, M.J. (2002) Analysis and Management of Animal Populations; Academic Press.

Impact assessment

• Cooke, A.S. (2001) Information on muntjac from studying ivy. Deer 11, 498-500.
• Cooke, A.S. (2006) Monitoring muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi and their impacts in Monks Wood National Nature Reserve. English Nature Research Reports 681, 172 pp.
• Doney, J. and Packer, J. (1998) An assessment of the impact of deer on agriculture. In Population Ecology, Management and Welfare of Deer, (ed. by C.R. Goldspink, S.King and R.J.Putman), pp. 38-43, British Deer Society/Universities' Federation for Animal Welfare.
• MacDonald, A., Stevens, P., Armstrong, H., Immirzi, P. and Reynolds, P. (1998) A Guide to Upland Habitats - surveying land management impacts. Scottish Natural Heritage, Perth.
• Melville, R.C., Tee, L.A. and Reynolds, K. (1983) Assessment of Wildlife Damage in Forests. Forestry Commission Leaflet 82. H.M.S.O.
• Morellet, N., Ballon, P., Boscardin, Y. & Champely, S. (2003) A new index to measure roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) browsing pressure on woody flora. Game and Wildlife Science, 20, 155-173.
• Morellet, N., Champely, S., Gaillard, J.-M., Ballon, P. & Boscardin, Y. (2001) The browsing index: new tool uses browsing pressure to monitor deer populations. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 1243-1252.
• Putman, R.J. and Watson P.(2009) Towards an Impact Assessment Methodology for use Beyond the Site Scale. Commissioned Report for the National Trust
• Reimoser, F., Armstrong, H. and Suchant, R.(1999) Measuring forest damage of ungulates: what should be considered. Forest Ecology and Management 120, 47-58.
• Tabor, R.(2004) Assessing deer activity and damage in woodlands. Deer 13, 27-29.

Control of damage

Behavioural manipulation through habitat management

• Putman, R.J. (1998) The potential role of habitat manipulation in reducing deer impact In: Population Ecology, Management and Welfare of Deer (eds. C.R.Goldspink, S.King, R.J. Putman) BDS/MMU, pp. 95-101.
• Putman R.J. (2004) The Deer Manager’s Companion: A Guide to Deer Management in the wild and in parks. Swan Hill Press ISBN 1-904057-03-9 and references arising

Fencing/tree guards

• Putman R.J. (2004) The Deer Manager’s Companion: A Guide to Deer Management in the wild and in parks. Swan Hill Press ISBN 1-904057-03-9

Fencing

• Pepper, H.W. (1992) Forest Fencing. Forestry Commission Bulletin 102 H.M.S.O.

Temporary fencing and alternative types of fencing

• Pepper, H.W. , Chadwick, A.H. and Butt, R.W. (1992) Electric Fencing against Deer. Forestry Commission Research Information Note 235. HMSO.
• Poore, A. (1995) Dealing with deer damage. Enact, 3 (3) 15-17.
• Robinson, J (1995) Deer, Wyre and wire. Enact, 3 (3), 18-19.

Individual tree guards

• Pepper, H.W., Rowe, J.J. and Tee, L.A. (1985) Individual Tree Protection. Forestry Commission Arboricultural Leaflet 10, H.M.S.O.

Tree guards or perimeter fencing

• Mayle, B.A. (1994) Falling foul of fallow. Timber Grower (1994) 34-36.

Immunocontraception

Reviews

• Putman, R.J. (1997) Chemical and Immunological Methods in the Control of Reproduction in Deer and other Wildlife: Potential for Population Control and Welfare Implications, RSPCA Technical Bulletin Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Horsham, 50 pages.
• Putman R.J. (2004) The Deer Manager’s Companion: A Guide to Deer Management in the wild and in parks. Swan Hill Press ISBN 1-904057-03-9
• Green, P. (2007) Can Contraception control deer populations in the UK? A report for the Deer Initiative.

Additional specific key resources

• Baker, D.L., Wild, M.A., Connor, M.M., Ravivarapu, H.B., Dunn, R.L. and Nett, T.M. (2004) Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist: a new approach to reversible contraception in female deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40, 713-724.
• Kirkpatrick, J.F. (2002) Wildlife Contraception - where have we been and where are we going? Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Fertility control in wildlife. Society for Reproduction and Fertility. Reproduction Supplement 60, 203-209.
• Kirkpatrick, J.F.(2005) The elusive promise of wildlife fertility control: a personal perspective. In Humane Wildlife Solutions: The role of immunocontraception (ed. A.T. Rutberg). Humane Society Press, Washington. 63-75.
• Merrill, J.A., Cooch, E.G. and Curtis, P.D. (2007) Managing an over-abundant deer population by sterilization: effects of immigration, stochasticity and the capture process. Journal of Wildife Management 70, 268-277.
• Rudolph, B.A., Porter, W.F. and Underwood, H.B.(2000)Evaluating immunocontraception for managing suburban white-tailed deer in Irondequoit, New York. Journal of Wildlife Management 64, 463-473.
• Rutberg, A.T. (2005) Humane Wildlife Solutions: The role of immunocontraception. Humane Society Press, Washington. 63-75.
• Rutberg, A.T , Naugle, R.E. , Thiele, L.A. and Liu, I.K.M. (2004) Effects of immunocontraception on a suburban population of white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus. Biological Conservation 116, 243-250.
• Rutberg, A.T. and Naugle, R.E. (2008) Population effects of immunocontraception in White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Wildlife Research 35, 494-501.
• Seagle, S.W. and Close J.D. (1996) Modeling white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus population control by contraception. Biological Conservation, 76, 87-91.
• Walter, W. D., Perkins, P.J., Rutberg, A.T and Kilpatrick, H.J. (2002)Evaluation of immunocontraception in a free-ranging deer suburbanwhite-tailed deer herd. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30, 186-192.

Supplementary feeding of wild deer

• Baker, D.L. & Hobbs, N.T. (1985) Emergency feeding of mule deer during winter: tests of a supplemental ration. Journal of Wildlife Management 49, 934-942.
• Denholm, L.J. (1979) The nutrition of farmed deer. pp 86-130 in Deer Farming in Victoria. published Department of Agriculture, Victoria,Australia. Agriculture Note series. No. 15.
• Doman, E.R. & Rasmussen, D.I. (1944) Supplemental winter feeding of mule deer in northern Utah. Journal of Wildlife Management 8, 317-338.
• Groot Bruinderink, G.W.T.A., Lammertsma, D.R. & Hazebroek, E. (2000) Effects of cessation of supplemental feeding on mineral status of red deer Cervus elaphus and wild boar Sus scrofa in the Netherlands. Acta theriologica 45, 71-85.
• Oldemeyer, J.L., Robbins, R.L. & Smith, B.L. (1993) Effects of feeding level on elk weights and reproductive success at the National Elk Refuge. In R. Callas, D.Koch & E.Loft (eds.) Western States and Provinces Elk Workshop. California Fish and Game Dept. pp 64-68.
• Peek, J.M. et al. (2002) Supplemental feeding and farming of elk. In Elk of North America: Ecology and Management, 2nd edition (ed. D.E. Toweill & J.W.Thomas) Smithsonian Institute Press.
• Putman, R.J. & Staines, B.W. (2003) Supplementary feeding of deer; a review of direct and indirect supplementary feeding of red deer in Scotland: reasons for feeding, feeding practice and effectiveness. Report to the Deer Commission for Scotland, Inverness.
• Putman, R.J. and Staines, B.W. (2004) Supplementary winter feeding of wild red deer Cervus elaphus in Europe and North America: justifications, feeding practice and effectiveness. Mammal Review 34, 285-306.
• Smith, B.L. (2001) Winter feeding of elk in western North America. Journal of Wildlife Management 65, 173-190
• Trenkel, V.M., Partridge, L.W., Gordon, I.J., Buckland, S.M., Elston, D.A. & Maclean, C. (1998) The management of red deer on Scottish open hills: results of a survey conducted in 1995. Scottish Geographical Magazine 114, 57-62.
• Wiersema, G.J. (1974) Observations on the Supplementary Winter Feeding of Red Deer on an Estate in the Central Highlands of Scotland. MSc thesis, University of Wageningen.

Urban deer problems and their management

Overview

• Putman, R.J., Watson, P., Green, P. and Langbein, J. (2009) Methods for control of wild deer appropriate for use in the urban environment in England. Report to Defra; 2009

Additional specific key resources

• Baker, S.V.and Fritsch, J.A. (1997) New territory for deer management: Human conflicts on the suburban frontier. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25 404-407.
• Conover, M.R. (1995) What is the urban deer problem and where did it come from? In: Urban Deer: A Manageable Resource? (ed. J.B.McAninch). Proceedings of a Symposium of the 55th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, North Central Section. The Wildlife Society, pp. 11-18
• Conover, M.R. (2002) Resolving Human-Wildlife Conflicts: The science of wildlife damage management. Lewis, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
• Conover, M.R., Pitt, W.C., Kessler, K.K., Dubow, T.J. and Sanborn, W.A. (1995) Review of human injuries, illnesses, and economic losses caused by wildlife in the United States. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23, 407-414.
• Connelly, N.A., Decker, D.J. and Wear, S. (1987) Public tolerance of deer in a suburban environment. Proceedings of the Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference 3, 207-218.
• Curtis, P.D., Knuth, B.A., Myers, L.A. and Rockwell, T.M. (1993) Selecting deer management options in a suburban environment: A case study from Rochester, New York. Transactions North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 58, 102-116.
• Decker, D.J. and Gavin, T.A. (1987) Public attitudes toward a suburban deer herd Wildlife Society Bulletin 15, 173-180.
• Decker, D.J. and Purdy, K.G. (1988) Toward a concept of wildlife acceptance capacity in wildlife management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16, 53-57.
• Decker, D.J. and Richmond, M.E. (1995) Managing people in an urban deer environment: the human dimensions challenges for managers. In: Urban Deer: A Manageable Resource? (ed. J.B.McAninch). Proceedings of a Symposium of the 55th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, North Central Section. The Wildlife Society, pp. 3-10.
• Decker, D.J., Lauber, T.B., Siemer, W.F. (2002) Human-Wildlife Conflict Management: A Practitioner's Guide. Northeast Wildlife Damage Management Research and Outreach Cooperative, Ithaca, New York, USA
• Decker, D.J., Raik, D.B., Siemer, W.F.(2004) Community-Based Suburban Deer Management: A Practitioner's Guide. Northeast Wildlife Damage Management Research and Outreach Cooperative, Ithaca, New York, USA
• DeNicola, A.J., VerCauteren, K.C., Curtis, P.D. and Hyngstrom, S.E. (2000) Managing White-tailed Deer in Suburban Environments. Cornell Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, NY
• DeNicola, A.J., Weber, S.J., Bridges, C.A., Stokes, J.L. (1997) Nontraditional techniques for management of overabundant deer populations. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25, 496-499.
• Doerr, M.L., McAninch, J.B., Wiggers, E.P. (2001) Comparison of 4 methods to reduce white-tailed deer abundance in an urban community. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29, 1105-1113.
• Kilpatrick, H.J., Eccleston, K.A. and Ellingwood, M.R. (1996) Attitudes and perceptions of a suburban community experiencing deer/human conflicts. Transactions Northeast Fish Wildlife Conference 52, 19.
• Kilpatrick and La Bonte (2007) Managing Urban deer in Connecticut: A Guide for Residents and Communities. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Wildlife Division, Hartford, USA.
• Kilpatrick, H.J., LaBonte, A.M. and Barclay, J.S. (2007) Acceptance of deer management strategies by Suburban homeowners and bowhunters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71, 2095-2101.
• McAninch, J.B. ed. (1995) Urban deer: A manageable resource? Proceedings of a Symposium of the 55th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, North Central Section, 12-14 December 1993, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.The Wildlife Society. 175pp.
• McCarthy, A.J. and Rotherham, I.D. (1994) Deer in the Sheffield region including the Eastern Peak District. The Naturalist, 119, 103-110.
• McCarthy, A.J. , Baker, A. and Rotherham, I. D. (1996) Urban-fringe deer management issues - A South Yorkshire case study. British Wildlife 8, 12-19.
• Messmer, T.A. , Cornicelli, L. , Decker, D.J. and Hewitt, D.G. (1997a) Stakeholder acceptance of urban deer management techniques. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25, 360-366.
• Messmer, T.A., George, S.M. and Cornicelli, L. (1997b) Legal considerations regarding lethal and nonlethal approaches to managing urban deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25, 424-429.
• Putman R.J. (1996) Guidelines for the Management of Deer in and around Agricultural, Urban Fringe, Woodland and Conservation Habitats. MAFF, London.

Biology and Management of Deer in Parks

• Cantor, L. (1989) English Deer Parks: an historical background. In Management, Conservation and Interpretation of Park Deer (eds. M. Baxter Brown and C.R.Goldspink), pp 1-5. published: British Deer Society.
• Chapman D.I. & Chapman, N.G. (1997) Fallow Deer: Their History, Distribution and Biology. Coch-y-bonddu Books, Machynlleth.
• Davidson, H.E., Putman R.J. and Goldspink, C.R (1991) Pasteurella-related mortality in park deer ; an analysis of the stressors responsible for triggering outbreaks. Report to National Trust; 110 pages.
• Hingston, F. (1988) Deer Parks and Deer of Great Britain. Sporting and Leisure Press, Buckingham.
• Langbein J. and Putman R.J. (1989) Effects of density and age on the performance of fallow deer. In Management, Conservation and Interpretation of Park Deer. (eds. M. Baxter Brown and C.R.Goldspink); British Deer Society.
• Putman R.J. and Langbein J. (1989) Factors affecting mortality in deer parks. In Management, Conservation and Interpretation of Park Deer (eds. M. Baxter -Brown and C.R.Goldspink). British Deer Society. pp 38 - 54.
• Putman R.J. and Langbein J. (1990) Factors affecting performance of deer in parks. Report PECD 7/2/65 to Department of Environment. 86pp. 40 figs/tabs.
• Putman R.J, and Langbein J. (1992a) Effects of stocking density and feeding practice on body weights, reproduction and mortality in park deer. In Management, Welfare and Conservation of Park deer. (eds. D.Bullock and C.R. Goldspink ); Universities' Federation for Animal Welfare; 55-64.
• Putman R.J. and Langbein J. (1992b) Effects of stocking density, feeding and herd management on mortality of park deer. In Biology of Deer (ed. R. Brown), Springer-Verlag, New York. pp 180-188
• Putman, R.J., and Langbein, J. (1992c) Effects of disturbance on behaviour and performance of red and fallow deer in recreational areas. Animal Welfare 1, 19-38.
• Putman R.J. (2004) The Deer Manager’s Companion: A Guide to Deer Management in the wild and in parks. Swan Hill Press.
• Shirley, E. P. (1867) Some Account of English Deer Parks with notes on the management of deer. London: John Murray.
• Whitaker, J. (1892) A Descriptive List of the Deer Parks and Paddocks of England. London: Ballantyne and Hanson.
• Whitehead, G.K. (1964) The Deer of Great Britain and Ireland. An Account of their History, Status and Distribution. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul