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Damage to agriculture

• Doney, J. (1999) Validation of responses from the agricultural sector targeted by the lowland deer questionnaire. Appendix 4 of Packer et al.: Field and Desk Studies to Assess Tolerable Damage Levels for Different Habitats and Species of Deer. Report to Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Foods, London on contract VC 0315.
• Doney, J. & Packer, J. (1998) An assessment of the impact of deer on agriculture. In Population Ecology, Management and Welfare of Deer, (ed. by C.R. Goldspink, S.King & R.J.Putman), pp. 38-43, British Deer Society/Universities' Federation for Animal Welfare.
• Kaluzinski, J. (1982b) Composition of the food of roe deer living in field and the effects of their feeding on plant production. Acta Theriologica, 27, 457-70.
• Kamler, J., Homolka, M., Heroldova, M. and Dvorak, J. (2005) Volne zijici bylozravei a poini plodiny [Free living ungulates and field crops] Folia Venatoria 35, 205-210.
• Langbein J. & Rutter S. M. (2003) Quantifying the damage wild deer cause to agricultural crops and pastures. In: Proceedings of the Future of Deer Conference. (ed. E.Goldberg). English Nature Research Report 548. English Nature, Peterborough., 32-39.
• Obrtel, R. and Holisova, V. (1983) Assessment of the damage done to a crop of maize (Zea mays) by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Folia Zoologica (Brno), 32, 109-118.
• Obrtel, R., Holisova, V. and Kozena, I. (1984) Deer damage to sugar beet leaves. Folia Zoologica (Brno), 33, 99-108.
• Packer, J.J., Doney, J. Mayle, B.A., Palmer, C.F. and Cope, M. (1999) Field and Desk Studies to Assess Tolerable Damage Levels for Different Habitats and Species of Deer. Report to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Foods, on project VC 0315. MAFF, London.
• Putman R.J. (1986) Foraging by roe deer in agricultural areas and impact on arable crops. Journal of Applied Ecology 23, 91-99.
• Putman, R.J. and Moore, N. (1998) Impact of deer in lowland Britain on agriculture, forestry and conservation habitats. Mammal Review 28, 141-164.
• Putman, R.J. and Kjellander, P. (2002) Deer damage to cereals: economic significance and predisposing factors. In: Conservation & conflict - Mammals and farming in Britain. (eds. Tattersall, F. & Manley, W..) Linnean Society Occasional Publications: 186-197.
• Reimoser, F. and Putman, R.J. (2009) Impact of large ungulates on agriculture, forestry and conservation habitats in Europe. In: Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices (eds. R.J. Putman, M. Apollonio and R. Andersen), Cambridge University Press, in press.
• Rutter S.M. and Langbein J. (2005) Quantifying the damage wild deer cause to agricultural crops and pastures. Contract report VC0327 to the Department of the Environment, and Agriculture (DEFRA).
• Wilson, C.J (2003) A Preliminary Estimate of the Cost of Damage Caused by Deer to Agriculture in England. Defra Rural Development Service.

Damage to forestry

• Gill, R.M.A. (1992a) A review of damage by mammals in north temperate forests: 1. Deer. Forestry, 65, 145-169.
• Gill, R.M.A. (1992b) A review of damage by mammals in north temperate forests: 3. Impact on trees and forests. Forestry, 65, 363-388.
• Kay, S. (1993) Factors affecting severity of deer browsing damage within coppiced woodlands in the south of England. Biological Conservation, 63, 217-222.
• Kuiters, A.T., Mohren, G.M.J., Van Wieren, S.E. (1996) Ungulates in temperate forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management, 88, 1-5.
• [Mitchell, F.J.G. and Kirby, K. (1990) The impact of large herbivores on the conservation of semi-natural woods in the British uplands. Forestry 63, 333-353.]
• Putman, R.J. (1994) Damage by deer in coppice woodlands: an analysis of factors affecting the severity of damage and options for management. Quarterly Journal of Forestry 88, 45-54.
• Putman, R.J. and Moore, N. (1998) Impact of deer in lowland Britain on agriculture, forestry and conservation habitats. Mammal Review 28, 141-164.
• Putman R.J. (2004) The Deer Manager’s Companion: A Guide to Deer Management in the wild and in parks. Swan Hill Press ISBN 1-904057-03-9
• Reimoser, F. and Gossow, H.(1996) Impact of ungulates on forest vegetation and its dependence on the silvicultural system. Forest Ecology and Management 88, 107-119.
• Reimoser, F., Armstrong, H. and Suchant, R.(1999) Measuring forest damage of ungulates: what should be considered. Forest Ecology and Management 120, 47-58.
• Reimoser, F. and Putman, R.J. (2009) Impact of large ungulates on agriculture, forestry and conservation habitats in Europe. In: Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices (eds. R.J. Putman, M. Apollonio and R. Andersen), Cambridge University Press, in press.
• Staines, B.W. and Welch, D. (1984) Habitat selection and impact of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in a sitka spruce plantation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh B, 82, 303-319.]
• Speidel, G. (1980) Methods of evaluating the economic consequences of damage in the forest, and ways of regulating it. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 99, 76-85.]
• Ward, A.I., White, P.C.L., Walker, N.J., Critchley, C.H. (2008b) Conifer leader browsing by roe deer in English upland forests: Effects of deer density and understorey vegetation. Forest Ecology and Management 256, 1333-1338.
• Welch, D., Staines, B.W., Scott, D., French, D.D. and Catt, D.C. (1991) Leader browsing by red and roe deer on young sitka spruce trees in western Scotland I. Damage rates and the influence of habitat factors. Forestry, 64, 61-82.]
• Welch, D., Staines, B.W., Scott, D. and French, D.D. (1992) Leader browsing by red and roe deer on young sitka spruce trees in western Scotland. II Effects on growth and tree form. Forestry 65, 309- 30.]

Impacts on natural habitats and other animals

• Albon, S.D., Brewer, M.J., O’Brien, S., Nolan, A.J. and Cope, D. (2007) Quantifying the grazing impacts associated with different herbivores on rangelands. Journal of Applied Ecology 44, 1176-1187.
• Callander, R.F. and Mackenzie, N.A. (1991) The Management of Wild Red Deer in Scotland. Scottish Rural Forum; Perth.
• Cooke, A.S. (1994) Colonisation by muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi and their impact on vegetation. In Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, the experience of 40 years 1953-93 (eds. M.S.Massey and R.C. Welch) English Nature, Peterborough, 45-61.
• Cooke, A.S. (1995) Muntjac damage in woodland. Enact 3,12-14.
• Cooke, A.S. (1998) Survival and regrowth performance of coppiced ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in relation to browsing damage by muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi). Quarterly Journal of Forestry 92, 286-290.
• Cooke, A.S. (2006) Monitoring muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi and their impacts in Monks Wood National Nature Reserve. English Nature Research Report 681, 172 pp.
• Cooke, A.S. (2009) Classifying the impact of deer in woodland. Deer>, 14 (10), 35-38.
• Cooke, A.S. and Farrell, L. (2001) Impact of muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) at Monk's Wood National Nature Reserve, Cambridgeshire, eastern England. Forestry, 74, 241-250
• Cooke, A.S. and Lakhani, K (1996) Damage to coppice regrowth by muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi and protection with electric fencing. Biological Conservation 75, 231-238
• Feber, R.E., Brereton, T.M., Warren, M.S. and Oates, M. (2001) The impacts of deer on woodland butterflies: the good, the bad and the complex. Forestry, 74, 271-276.
• Flowerdew, J.R. and Ellwood, S.A. (2001) Impacts of woodland deer on small mammal ecology. Forestry 74, 277-288.
• Gill, R.M.A. (2009) The effects of varying deer density on natural regeneration in woodlands in lowland Britain. Forestry (in press)
• Gill, R.M.A. and Fuller, R.J. (2007) The effects of deer browsing on woodland structure and songbirds in lowland Britain. Ibis 149, Suppl. 2, 119-127.
• Hill, S.D. (1985) Influences of Large Herbivores on Small Rodents in the New Forest. PhD thesis, University of Southampton.
• Hirons, G.J.M. (1984) The diet of tawny owls (Strix aluco) and kestrels (Falcotinnunculus) in the New Forest, Hampshire. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society, 40, 21-26.
• Holloway, C.F. (1967) The Effects of Red Deer and Other Animals on Natural Regeneration of Scots pine. PhD. thesis, University of Aberdeen.
• Langbein J. (1997a) The ranging behaviour, habitat-use and impact of deer in oak woods and heather moors of Exmoor and the Quantock Hills. The British Deer Society.
• Langbein J. (1997b) The ranging behaviour, habitat-use and impact of deer in oak woods and heather moors on Exmoor. Deer 10, 516-521.
• Mitchell, F.J.G and Kirby, K.J. (1990) The impact of large herbivores on the conservation of semi-natural woods in the British uplands. Forestry, 63, 333-53
• Palmer, S.C.F., Mitchell, R.J., Truscott, A.-M. and Welch, D.(2004) Regeneration failure in Atlantic oakwoods: The roles of ungulate grazing and invertebrates. Forest Ecology and Management 192, 251-265.
• Petley-Jones, R. (1995) Deer or butterflies? A woodland dilemma. Enact, 3 (3) 8-10.
• Petty, S.J. and Avery, M.I. (1990) Forest Bird Communities. Occasional Paper 26 Forestry Commission, Edinburgh.
• Pollard, E. and Cooke, A.S. (1994) Impact of muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi on egg-laying sites of the white admiral butterfly Ladoga camilla in a Cambridgeshire wood. Biological Conservation 70, 189-191.
• Putman R.J. (1994a) Effects of grazing and browsing by mammals in woodlands. British Wildlife 5, 205-213.
• Putman, R.J. (1994b) Damage by deer in coppice woodlands:an analysis of factors affecting the severity of damage and options for management. Quarterly Journal of Forestry 88, 45-54.
• Putman R.J. (1996) Deer on National Nature Reserves: Problems and Practices English Nature Research Report 173, English Nature, Peterborough; 50 pp.
• Putman R.J., Edwards, P.J., Mann, J.C.E, How R.C. and Hill S.D. (1989) Vegetational and faunal changes in an area of heavily grazed woodland following relief of grazing. Biological Conservation 47, 13-32.
• SNH/DCS ( 2002) Wild Deer In Scotland and Damage to the Natural Heritage. Scottish Natural Heritage.
• Soderstrom, B., Svensson, B., Vessby, K. & Glimskar, A. (2001) Plants, insects and birds in semi-natural pastures in relation to local habitat and landscape factors. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 1839-1863.
• Stewart, A.J.A. (2001) The impact of deer on lowland woodland invertebrates: a review of the evidence and priorities for future research. Forestry 74, 259-270.
• Tremblay, J-P., Huot, J. and Potvin, F. (2007) Density-related effects of deer browsing on the regeneration dynamics of boreal forests. Journal of Applied Ecology 44, 552-562 monitoring forest roe populations. Acta theriologica 36, 315-328.

Deer Vehicle Collisions

• Bashore, T.L., Tzilkowski, W.M. and Bellis, E.D. (1985). Analysis of deer-vehicle collision sites in Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management 49, 769-774.
• Bissonette, J. A., Kassar, C. and Cook, L.J. (2008) An assessment of costs associated with deer-vehicle collisions: human death and injury, vehicle damage, and deer loss. Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2, 17-27.
• Clevenger, A.P., Chruszcz, B. and Gunson, K.E. (2001) Highway mitigation fencing reduces wildlife-vehicle collisions. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29, 646-653.
• Clevenger, AP., Chruszcz, B.,. Gunson, K.E and Wierzchowski, J. (2002). Roads and Wildlife in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks - Movement, Mortality and Mitigation. Final report to Parks Canada, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 432 S.
• Danielson, B.J. and Hubbard, M.W. (1998) A Literature Review for Assessing the Status of Current Methods of Reducing Deer-Vehicle Collisions. Unpublished report to Iowa Department of Transportation and Iowa Department of Natural Resources.
• Deer-Vehicle Crash Information Clearing House; DVCIC (2003) on-line manual of mitigation measures and perceived effectiveness @ www.deercrash.com/toolbox
• Desire G., and Recorbet G. (1990). Resultats de l'enquete realisee de 1984 a 1986 sur les collisions entre les vehicules at leas grands mammiferes sauvages. Office National de la Chasse, Bulletin Mensuelle 143, 38-47.
• Doerr, M.L., McAninch, J.B and Wiggers, E.P. (2001) Comparison of 4 methods to reduce white-tailed deer abundance in an urban community. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 1105-1113.
• Finder, R.A., Roseberry, J.L. and Woolf, A. (1999). Site and landscape conditions at white-tailed deer collision locations in Illinois. Landscape and Urban Planning 44, 77-85.
• Forman, R.T.T. and Alexander, L.E. (1998) Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29, 207-231.
• Gilbert, J.R. (1982). Evaluation of Deer Mirrors for Reducing Deer-Vehicle Collisions. United States Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA/RD/82/061; Washington, D.C. 16 pp.
• Groot Bruinderink, G.W.T.A. and Hazebroek, E. (1996). Ungulate Traffic Collisions in Europe. Conservation Biology 10, 1059-67.
• Hartwig, D. (1991). Erfassung der Verkehrsunfälle mit Wild im Jahre 1989 in Nordrhein-Westfalen im Bereich der Polizeibehörden. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 37, 55-62.
• Hartwig, D. (1993). Auswertung der durch Wild Verursachten Verehrsunfälle nach der Statistik für Nordrhein-Westfalen. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 39, 22-33.
• Hedlund, J.H., Curtis, P.D. and Williams, A.F. (2004) Methods to reduce traffic crashes involving deer: what works and what does not. Traffic Injury Prevention 5, 122-131.
• Hlavac, V. and Andel, P. (2002). On the Permeability of Roads for Wildlife: A Handbook. Agency for Nature Conservation and Landscape Protection of the Czech Republic.
• Hubbard, M.W., Danielson, B.J. and Schmitz, R.A. (2000) Factors influencing the location of deer-vehicle accidents in Iowa. Journal of Wildlife Management 64, 707-713.
• Huijser, M. P. and McGowen, P.T. (2003) Overview of animal detection and animal warning systems in North America and Europe. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, 2003, Lake Placid, New York, USA
• Hussain, A., Armstrong, J.B., Brown, D.B. and Hogland, J. (2007) Land-use pattern, urbanization, and deer-vehicle collisions in Alabama. Human-Wildlife Conflicts 1, 89-96.
• Iuell,B., Bekker, G.J., Cuperus, R. Dufek,J., Fry, G., Hicks,C.,Hlavac, V., Keller, V.B., Rosell, C., Sangwine, T., Torslov, N, Wandall, B. le M, (2003) Wildlife and Traffic: A European Handbook for Identifying Conflicts and Designing Solutions. European Commission Action 341 on "Habitat Fragmentation due to Transportation Infrastructure", Brussels.
• Langbein, J. (2007a) National Deer-Vehicle Collisions Project: England 2003-2005. Final Report to the Highways Agency. The Deer Initiative, Wrexham
• Langbein J. (2007b) Use of remote video surveillance to investigate deer behaviour in relation to wildlife deterrents, roads and vehicles. Presentation at ‘Deer on our Roads Seminar’, Ashridge, UK, October 2007
• Langbein, J. and Putman, R.J. (2006) National Deer-Vehicle Collisions Project; Scotland, 2003-2005. Report to the Scottish Executive, June 2006.
• Langbein, J., Putman, R.J. and Pokorny, B. (2009). Road traffic accidents involving ungulates and available measures for mitigation. In: Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices (eds. R.J. Putman, M. Apollonio and R. Andersen), Cambridge University Press, in press.
• Lehnert, M.E. and Bissonette, J.A. (1997). Effectiveness of highways crosswalk structures in reducing deer-vehicle collisions. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25, 809-818.
• Madsen, A.B., Strandgaard, H. and Prang A. (2002) Factors causing traffic killings of roe deer, Capreolus capreolus in Denmark. Wildlife Biology 8, 55-61.
• Malo, J.E, Suarez, F., and Diaz,A. (2004) Can we mitigate animal-vehicle accidents using predictive models? Journal of Applied Ecology 41, 701-710.
• Mastro,L.L., Conover, M.R. and Frey, S.N. (2008) Deer-vehicle collision prevention techniques. Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2, 80-92.
• McCaffery, K.R. (1973) Road-kills show trends in Wisconsin deer populations. Journal of Wildlife management 37, 212-216.
• McShea, W. J., Stewart, C.M., Kearns, L.J., Liccioli, S. and Kocka, D. (2008) Factors affecting autumn deer-vehicle collisions in a rural Virginia county. Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2, 110-121.
• Nielsen, C.K., Anderson, R.G. and Grund, M.D. (2003) Landscape influences on deer-vehicle accident areas in an urban environment. Journal of Wildlife Management 67, 46-51.
• Ng, J.W., Nielsen, C. and St. Clair, C.C. (2008). Landscape factors influencing deer-vehicle collisions in an urban environment. Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2, 34-47.
• Olbrich, P. (1984). Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit von Wildwarnreflektoren und der Eignung von Wilddurchlässen. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 30, 101-116.
• Pepper, H.W. (1999). Road Traffic Accidents and Deer Reflectors: A comparative trial of the efficacy of standard red and new blue/green roadside reflectors at preventing motor vehicle and wild deer collisions. Internal report on Project 257, Forestry Commission, Forest Research.
• Pepper, H.W., Chadwick, A.H. and Packer, J.J. (1998). Deer Reflectors and Road Traffic Accidents Through Forestry Commission Forests: A review of traffic accident records for roads where deer warning reflectors have been installed. Appendix to contract report VC 0317, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Foods, London.
• Putman, R.J. (1997). Deer and Road Traffic Accidents: Options for Management. Journal of Environmental Management 51, 43-57.
• Putman, R.J., Langbein, J. and Staines, B.W. (2004) Deer and Road Traffic Accidents; A Review of Mitigation Measures: Costs and Cost-Effectiveness. Report to the Deer Commission for Scotland on contract RP 23A.
• Schwabe, K.A., Schuhmann, P.W. and Tonkovich, M.(2002) A dynamic exercise in reducing deer-vehicle collisions: management through vehicle mitigation techniques and hunting. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 27, 261-80.
• Seiler, A. (2004). Trends and spatial pattern in ungulate-vehicle collisions in Sweden. Wildlife Biology 10, 301-313.
• Staines, B.W., Langbein, J. and Putman, R.J. (2001) Road Traffic Accidents and Deer in Scotland. Report to the Deer Commission, Scotland.