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General

• Apollonio, M., Andersen, R., and Putman, R.J. (eds.) (2009) European Ungulates and their Management in the 21st century, in press with Cambridge University Press.
• Putman R.J. (1988) The Natural History of Deer. Christopher Helm. 208pp.
• Ward, A.I.(2005) Expanding ranges of wild and feral deer in Great Britain. Mammal Review 35, 165-173.
• Ward, A., Etherington, T., Ewald, J., 2008. Five years of change. Deer 14, 17-20

Red

• Clutton-Brock, T.H. &Albon, S.D. (1989) Red Deer in the Highlands. Blackwell: Oxford.
• Clutton-Brock, T.H., Guinness, F.E. &Albon, S.D. (1982) Red Deer: Behaviour and Ecology of Two Sexes. Edinburgh University Press/Chicago University Press.
• Staines, B.W. Langbein, J. and Burkitt, T.D. (2008) Red deer. In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 573-587 [good source of additional references/bibliography]
• Perez-Espona, S, Pemberton, J.M. and Putman, R.J. (2008) Red and sika deer in the British Isles, current management issues and management policy. Mammalian Biology, 74, 247-262.
• Langbein J. and Putman R.J. (1992) Conservation and Management of deer on Exmoor and the Quantocks. Report to the National Trust. 107 pp.
• Langbein J. (1997) The Ranging Behaviour, Habitat-use and Impact of Deer in Oakwoods and Heather Moors of Exmoor and the Quantock Hills. The British Deer Society.

Roe

• Andersen, R., Duncan, P. and Linnell, J, D.C. (eds. 1998) The European Roe Deer: The Biology of Success. Scandinavian University Press, Oslo. 376 pages.
• Danilkin, A. (1996) Behavioural Ecology of Siberian and European Roe Deer. Chapman and Hall, London.
• Hewison, A.J.M. and Staines, B.W. (2008) Roe deer, In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 605- 617. [good source of additional references/bibliography]

Fallow

• Chapman, D.I. and Chapman, N.G. (1975) Fallow Deer: their history, distribution and biology. Terence Dalton, Lavenham, 271 pp.
• Chapman D.I. &Chapman, N.G. (1997) Fallow Deer: Their History, Distribution and Biology. Coch-y-bonddu Books, Machynlleth.
• Langbein, J. and Chapman, N.G. (2003) Fallow Deer. The Mammal Society and the British Deer Society.
• Langbein, J., Chapman, N.G. and Putman, R.J. (2008) Fallow deer, In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 595-604. [good source of additional references/bibliography]

Sika

• Bartos, L. (2009) Sika deer in Continental Europe, In D.R.McCullough, S. Takassuki and K.Kaji (eds.) Sika Deer: Biology and management of Native and Introduced Populations. Springer, pp 595-614
• Chadwick, A.H., Ratcliffe, P.R., Abernethy, K., 1996. Sika deer in Scotland: density, population size, habitat use and fertility - some comparisons with red deer. Scottish Forestry 50, 8-16.
• Perez-Espona, S, Pemberton, J.M. and Putman, R.J. (2008) Red and sika deer in the British Isles, current management issues and management policy. Mammalian Biology, 74, 247-262
• Putman R.J. (2000) Sika Deer. British Deer Society/Mammal Society, 32 pages, ISBN 0 906282 39X
• Putman, R.J. (2008) Sika, In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 587-594. [good source of additional references/bibliography]
• Ratcliffe, P.R. (1987) Distribution and current status of sika deer, Cervus nippon, in Great Britain. Mammal Review 17, 39-58.
• Swanson, G.M. and Putman, R.J. (2009) Sika deer in the British Isles. In D.R.McCullough, S. Takatsuki and K.Kaji (eds.) Sika Deer: Biology and management of Native and Introduced Populations. Springer, pp 595-614

Muntjac

• Chapman, N.G., Harris, S. and Stanford, A. (1994) Reeves' muntjac Muntiacus reevesi in Britain: their history, spread habitat selection and the role of human intervention in accelerating their dispersal. Mammal Review, 24, 113-160
• Chapman, N.G. and Harris, S. (1996) Muntjac. The Mammal Society and British Deer Society.
• Chapman, N.G. (2008) Reeves Muntjac. In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 564-571

Chinese water deer

• Cooke, A.S. and Farrell, L. (1998) Chinese Water Deer. The Mammal Society and the British Deer Society.
• Cooke, A.S. and Farrell, L. (2008) Chinese Water Deer, In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 617-622.

Evolution

General

• Groves, C.P. &Grubb, P. (1987) Relationships of living deer. In: Biology and management of the Cervidae (ed. C.M. Wemmer), Smithsonian Institution Press, 21-59.
• Lister, A.M. (1984). Evolutionary and ecological origins of British deer. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 82B, 205-299.
• Pitra, C., Fickel, J, Meijaard, E. and Groves, C. (2004) Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33, 880-895.
• Randi, E., Mucci, N., Pierpaoli, M. and Douzery, E. (1988) New phylogentic perspectives on the cervidae (Artiodactyla) are provided by the mitichondrial cytochrome b gene. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 265 793 - 801

Red

• Ludt, C.J., Shroeder, W., Rottmann, O and Kuehn, R. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus) Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 31, 1064-1083.
• Randi, E., Mucci, N., Claro-Hergueta, F., Bonnet, A. and Douzery, E.J.P (2001) A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the Cervinae: speciation in Cervus and implications for conservation. Animal Conservation 4, 1-11 Cambridge University Press
• Skog, A., Zachos, F.E., Rueness, E.K., Feulner, P.G.D., Mysterud, A., Langvatn, R., Lorenzini, R., and Jakobsen, K.S. (2009) Phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Europe. Journal of Biogeography 36 (1), 66-77

Roe

• Lister, A.M., Grubb, P. and Sumner, S.R.M. (1998) Taxonomy, morphology and evolution of European roe deer. In R. Andersen, P. Duncan, and J.D.C. Linnell (eds) The European Roe Deer: The Biology of Success. Scandinavian University Press, pp.23-46.
• Lorenzini, R. and Lovari, S. (2006) Genetic diversity and phylogeography of the European roe deer: the refuge area theory revisited. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 88, 85 - 100.

Fallow

• Randi, E. and Apollonio, M. (1988) Low biochemical variability in European fallow deer (Dama dama L): natural bottlenecks and the effects of domestication. Heredity 61, 405-410.

Sika

• McCullough, D.R., Takassuki, S. and Kaji, K (eds.2009) Sika Deer: Biology and management of Native and Introduced Populations. Springer: ISBN 978-4-431-09428-9

Chinese water deer

• Randi, E., Mucci, N., Pierpaoli, M. and Douzery, E. (1988) New phylogentic perspectives on the cervidae (Artiodactyla) are provided by the mitichondrial cytochrome b gene. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 265 793 - 801

Genetics of UK populations

Red

• Hmwe, S.S., Zachos, F.E., Sale, J.B., Rose, H.R., Hartl, G.B. (2006) Genetic variability and differentiation in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Scotland and England. Journal of Zoology 270, 479-487.

Roe

• Hewison, A.J.M. (1995) Isozyme variation in roe deer in relation to their population history in Britain. Journal of Zoology London, 235, 279-288.
• Hewison, A.J.M. (1997) Evidence for a genetic component of female fecundity in British roe deer from studies of cranial morphometrics. Functional Ecology, 11, 508-517.

Fallow

• Pemberton, J.M. and Smith, R.H. (1985) Lack of biochemical polymorphism in British fallow deer. Heredity> 55, 199-207.

Sika

• Swanson, G.M. and Putman, R.J. (2009) Sika deer in the British Isles. In D.R.McCullough, S. Takatsuki and K.Kaji (eds.) Sika Deer: Biology and management of Native and Introduced Populations. Springer, pp 595-614

Hybridisation between red and sika

• Díaz, A., Hughes, S., Putman, R., Mogg, R., Bond, J. M. (2006) A genetic study of sika (Cervus nippon) in the New Forest and in the Purbeck region, southern England: is there evidence of recent or past hybridization with red deer (Cervus elaphus)? Journal of Zoology 207, 227-235.
• Goodman, S., Barton, N., Swanson, G., Abernethy, K., Pemberton, J. (1999) Introgression through rare hybridization: A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (Genus Cervus) in Argyll, Scotland. Genetics 152, 355-371.
• Harrington, R. (1973) Hybridisation among deer and its implications for conservation. Irish Forestry Journal 30, 64-78.
• Harrington, R. (1982) The hybridisation of red deer (Cervus elaphus L. 1758) and Japanese sika deer (C. nippon Temminck, 1838). International Congress of Game Biologists 14, 559-71.
• Lowe, V.P.W., Gardiner, A.S. (1975) Hybridisation between red deer and sika deer, with reference to stocks in north-west England. Journal of Zoology 177, 553-66.
• Pemberton, J., Swanson, G., Barton, N., Livingstone, S., Senn, H. (2006) Hybridisation between red and sika deer in Scotland. Deer 13, 22-26.
• Perez-Espona, S, Pemberton, J.M. and Putman, R.J. (2008) Red and sika deer in the British Isles, current management issues and management policy. Mammalian Biology, 74, 247-262.

Social Organisation and Behaviour

General

• Putman, R.J. (1988) The Natural History of Deer. Christopher Helm/Academic Press, London. 208pp.

Red

• Clutton-Brock, T.H. &Albon, S.D. (1989) Red Deer in the Highlands. Blackwell: Oxford.
• Staines, B.W. Langbein, J. and Burkitt, T.D. (2008) Red deer. In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 573-587 and references arising
• Putman, R.J. (1993) Flexibility of social organisation and reproductive strategy in deer. Deer, 9, 23-28.

Roe

• Danilkin, A. (1996) Behavioural Ecology of Siberian and European Roe Deer. Chapman and Hall, London.
• Hewison, A.J.M., Vincent, J.P.and Reby D. (1998) Social organisation of European roe deer. In R. Andersen, P. Duncan, and J.D.C. Linnell (eds) The European Roe Deer: The Biology of Success. Scandinavian University Press, 189-220.
• Liberg, O., Johansson, A., Andersen, R. and Linnell, J.D.C. (1998) Mating system, mating tactics and the function of make territoriality in roe deer. In R. Andersen, P. Duncan, and J.D.C. Linnell (eds) The European Roe Deer: The Biology of Success. Scandinavian University Press, 221-256.

Fallow

• Langbein, J. and Chapman, N.G. (2003) Fallow Deer. The Mammal Society and the British Deer Society.
• Langbein, J., Chapman, N.G. and Putman, R.J. (2008) Fallow deer, In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 595-604.
• Langbein J. and Thirgood S.J. (1989) Variation in mating systems of fallow deer in relation to ecology. Ethology, 83, 195 214.
• Thirgood, S.J. (1995) Ecological factors influencing sexual segregation and group size in fallow deer (Dama dama). Journal of Zoology (London), 239, 783-797.
• Thirgood, S.J., Langbein, J. and Putman, R.J. (1999) Intraspecific variation in ungulate mating strategies: the case of the flexible fallow deer. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 28, 333-361.

Sika

• Putman, R.J. (2008) Sika, In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 587-594.
• Putman, R.J. and Mann J.C.E. (1990) Social organisation and behaviour of British sika deer in contrasting environments. Deer, 8, 90-94.

Muntjac

• Barrette, C. (1975). Social behaviour of muntjak. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Calgary.
• Barrette C. (1977) Fighting behavior of muntjac and the evolution of antlers. Evolution 31: 169-176.
• Chapman, N.G. and Harris, S. (1996) Muntjac. The Mammal Society and British Deer Society.
• Chapman, N.G. (2008) Reeves Muntjac. In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 564-571

Chinese water deer

• Cooke, A.S. and Farrell, L. (1998) Chinese Water Deer. The Mammal Society and the British Deer Society.
• Cooke, A.S. and Farrell, L. (2008) Chinese Water Deer, In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 617-622.

Population ecology

General

• Putman, R.J., Langbein, J, Hewison, A.J.M and Sharma, S.K. (1996) Relative roles of density- dependent and density-independent factors in the population dynamics of British deer. Mammal Review 26, 81-101 [and references contained]

Red

• Clutton-Brock, T.H., Guinness, F.E. &Albon, S.D. (1982) Red Deer: Behaviour and Ecology of Two Sexes. Edinburgh University Press/Chicago University Press.
• Albon, S.D., Mitchell, B., Huby, B.J. &Brown, D. (1986) Fertility in female red deer (Cervus elaphus):the effects of body composition, age and reproductive status. Journal of Zoology (London), 209, 447-60.
• Clutton-Brock, T.H., Albon, S.D. &Guinness, F.E. (1987a) Interactions between population density and maternal characteristics affecting fecundity and juvenile survival in red deer. Journal of Animal Ecology, 56, 857-71.
• Clutton-Brock, T.H., Major, M., Albon, S.D. &Guinness, F.E. (1987b) Early development and population dynamics in red deer. I. Density-dependent effects on juvenile survival. Journal of Animal Ecology, 56, 53-67.
• Ratcliffe, P.R. (1984) Population dynamics of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in Scottish commercial forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh B, 82, 291-302.

Roe

• Gaillard, J-M, DeLorme, D., Boutin, J-M., van Laere, G, Boisaubert, B &Pradel, R. (1993) Roe deer survival patterns : a comparative analysis of contrasting populations. Journal of Animal Ecology, 62, 778-91.
• Gaillard, J.M. et al. (1998) Population dynamics of roe deer. In: The European roe deer: the biology of success (eds R. Andersen, P. Duncan &J.D.C. Linnell), pp. 309-335. Scandinavian University Press, Oslo.
• Hewison, A.J.M. (1996) Variation in the fecundity of roe deer in Britain: effects of age and body weight. Acta Theriologica, 41, 187-198.
• Ratcliffe, P.R. and Mayle, B. A. (1992) Roe Deer Biology and Management. Forestry Commission Bulletin 105. HMSO

Fallow

• Langbein, J. and Putman, R.J. (1992) Reproductive success of female fallow deer in relation to age and condition. In Biology of Deer, (ed. R. Brown) Springer-Verlag; New York.; 293-299.
• Putman R.J. and Langbein J. (1992) Effects of stocking density, feeding and herd management on mortality of park deer. In Biology of Deer (ed. R. Brown), Springer-Verlag, New York. pp 180-188
• Putman R.J, and Langbein J. (1992) Effects of stocking density and feeding practice on body weights, reproduction and mortality in park deer. In Management, Welfare and Conservation of Park deer. (eds. D.Bullock and C.R. Goldspink ); Universities' Federation for Animal Welfare; 55-64.

Sika

• Chadwick, A.H., Ratcliffe, P.R. and Abernethy, K. (1996) Sika deer in Scotland:density, population size, habitat use and fertility - some comparisons with red deer. Scottish Forestry, 50, 8-16.
• Putman, R.J. and Clifton-Bligh, J.R. 1997, Age-related bodyweight, density and fecundity in a south Dorset sika population (Cervus nippon), 1985-93. Journal of Natural History, 31, 649-660.

Muntjac

• Chapman, N.G. (2008) Reeves Muntjac. In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 564-571

Chinese water deer

• Cooke, A.S. and Farrell, L. (2008) Chinese Water Deer, In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 617-622.

Food and feeding

General

• Hofmann, R.R. (1985) Digestive physiology of the deer - their morphophysiological specialisation and adaptation. In: Biology of Deer Production (eds. P.F.Fennessy and K.R. Drew) Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin, 22, 393-407.

Red

• Clutton-Brock, T.H. &Albon, S.D. (1989) Red Deer in the Highlands. Blackwell: Oxford.
• Clutton-Brock, T.H., Guinness, F.E. &Albon, S.D. (1982) Red Deer: Behaviour and Ecology of Two Sexes. Edinburgh University Press/Chicago University Press.
• Kay R. N. B. &Staines B. W. (1981) The nutrition of the red deer (Cervus elaphus). Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews B 51, 601 - 22.
• Langbein J. (1997) The Ranging Behaviour, Habitat-use and Impact of Deer in Oakwoods and Heather Moors of Exmoor and the Quantock Hills. The British Deer Society.
• Latham J., Staines B.W. and Gorman M. (1999) Comparative feeding ecology of red (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Scottish plantation forests. Journal of Zoology 247, 409-418.
• Mitchell B., Staines B. &Welch. D. (1977) Ecology of red deer: a research review relevant to their management in Scotland. Cambridge: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology 74 pp.
• Staines B. W. &Crisp J. (1978) Observations on food quality in Scottish red deer (Cervus elaphus) as determined by chemical analysis of the rumen contents. Journal of Zoology 185, 253 - 9.
• Staines B. W. &Welch D. (1984) Habitat selection and impact of red (Cervus elaphus L.) and roe (Capreolus capreolus L.) deer in a sitka spruce plantation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 82B, 303 - 19.
• Staines B. W., Crisp J. M.and Parish T. (1982) Differences in the quality of food eaten by red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags and hinds in winter. Journal of Applied Ecology 19, 65 - 77.
• Staines, B.W. Langbein, J. and Burkitt, T.D. (2008) Red deer. In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 573-587

Roe

• Duncan, P., Tixier, H., Hoffman, R.R. and Lechner-Doll, M. (1998) Feeding strategies and the physiology of digestion in roe deer. In R. Andersen, P. Duncan, and J.D.C. Linnell (eds) The European Roe Deer: The Biology of Success. Scandinavian University Press pp. 91-116
• Hearny, A.W. &Jennings, T.J. (1983) Annual foods of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the east of England. Journal of Zoology London 201, 565-570.
• Henry, B.A.M. (1978) Diet of the roe deer in an English conifer forest. Journal of Wildlife Management, 42, 937-940.
• Hosey, G.R. (1981) Annual foods of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the south of England. Journal of Zoology (London), 194, 276-78.
• Jackson, J.E. (1980) The annual diet of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the New Forest, Hampshire, as determined by rumen content analysis. Journal of Zoology (London), 192, 71-83.
• Latham J., Staines B.W. and Gorman M. (1999) Comparative feeding ecology of red (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Scottish plantation forests Journal of Zoology 247, 409-418.

Fallow

• Caldwell, J.F., Chapman, D.I. and Chapman, N.G. (1983) Observations on the autumn and winter diet of fallow deer (Dama dama). Journal of Zoology (London), 201, 559-63.
• Jackson, J.E. (1977) The annual diet of the fallow deer (Dama dama) in the New Forest, Hampshire, as determined by rumen content analysis. Journal of Zoology (London), 181, 465-73.
• Langbein, J. and Chapman, N.G. (2003) Fallow Deer. The Mammal Society and the British Deer Society.
• Putman, R.J. (1986) Grazing in Temperate Ecosystems; Large Herbivores and their Effects on the Ecology of the New Forest Croom Helm/Chapman and Hall.200pp.
• Putman, R.J., Culpin, S., Thirgood, S.J. (1993) Sexual differences in composition and quality of the diets of male and female fallow deer in sympatry and in allopatry. Journal of Zoology (London), 229, 267-75.
• Waterfield, M.R. (1986) Observations on the Ecology and Behaviour of Fallow Deer (Dama dama L.) PhD thesis, University of Exeter.

Sika

• Mann, J.C.E and Putman R.J. (1989b) Diet of British sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck) in contrasting environments. Acta theriologica, 34, 97-110.
• Putman R.J. (2000) Sika Deer. British Deer Society/Mammal Society, 32 pages, ISBN 0 906282 39X
• Quirke, K. (1991) The diet of red deer, sika deer and Scottish blackface sheep in Killarney National Park, Co. Kerry. MSc thesis National University of Ireland.

Muntjac

• Chapman, N.G. and Harris, S. (1996) Muntjac. The Mammal Society and British Deer Society.
• Chapman, N.G. (2008) Reeves Muntjac. In S. Harris and D.W. Yalden (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society, pp 564-571
• Harris S. and Forde P. (1986) The annual diet of muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) in the King’s Forest, Suffolk. Bulletin of the British Ecological Society 17,19-22.
• Hemami M.R.(2003) The Ecology of Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) and Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) in a forested landscape in eastern England. PhD Thesis, University of East Anglia.
• Symonds, R.J. (1985) A comparison of the food preferences of fallow deer (Dama dama) and muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) in Hayley Wood SSSI,Cambridgeshire, with special reference to the effects of browsing on coppice regrowth. British Ecological Society Bulletin, 16, 97-98.
• Wray, S. (1994) Competition between muntjac and other herbivores in a commercial coniferous forest. Deer, 9, 237-242.

Chinese water deer

• Cooke, A.S. and Farrell, L. (1998) Chinese Water Deer. The Mammal Society and the British Deer Society.

Competition with other species

• Chapman, N.G., Claydon, K., Claydon, M., Forde, P.G. and Harris, S. (1993) Sympatric populations of muntjac and roe deer: a comparative analysis of their ranging behaviour, social organisation and activity. Journal of Zoology 229, 623-640.
• Feldhamer, G.A. and Armstrong, W.E. (1993) Interspecific competition between four exotic species and native artiodactyls in the United States. Transactions of the 58th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 468-78.
• Gallina, S. (1984) Ecological aspects of the coexploitation of deer Odocoileus virginianus and cattle.[Proceedings of the 3rd International Theriological Congress, Helsinki, 1982] Acta Zoologica Fennica 172, 251-4.
• Gordon, I.J. and Illius, A.W. (1989) Resource partitioning by ungulates on the Isle of Rhum. Oecologia 79, 383-90.
• Hanley, T. A. and Hanley, K.A. (1982) Food resource partitioning by sympatric ungulates on Great Basin rangeland. Journal of Range Management 35, 152-58.
• Hansen, R.M. and Reid, L.D. (1975) Diet overlap of deer, elk and cattle in southern Colorado. Journal of Range Management 26, 43-47.
• Harmel, D.E. (1980) The influence of exotic artiodactyls on white-tailed deer performance and survival. Performance Report: Job No. 20. Federal Aid Project W-109-R-3. 14pp. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.
• Harmel, D.E. (1992) The influence of fallow deer and aoudad sheep on white-tailed deer production and performance. Performance Report: Job No. 20. Federal Aid Project W-127-R-1. 21pp. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
• Hemami, M.R., Watkinson, A.R., Dolman, P.M. (2004) Habitat selection by sympatric muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in a lowland commercial pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management 194, 49-60.
• Hemami, M.-R., Watkinson, A.R., Dolman, P.M. (2005) Population densities and habitat associations of introduced muntjac Muntiacus reevesi and native roe deer Capreolus capreolus in a lowland pine forest Forest Ecology and Management 215, 224-238
• Homolka ,M. (1993) The food niches of three ungulate species in a woodland complex. Folia Zoologica (Brno) 42, 193-203.
• Jenkins, K.J. and Wright, R.G. (1988) Resource partitioning and competition among cervids in the northern Rocky Mountains. Journal of Applied Ecology 25, 11-24.
• Keiper, R.R. (1985) Are sika deer responsible for the decline of white-tailed deer on Assateague Island, Maryland? Wildlife Society Bulletin 13, 144-6.
• Latham, J. (1999) Interspecific interactions of ungulates in European forests: an overview. Forest Ecology and Management 120, 13-21.
• Putman, R.J. (1986) Competition and coexistence in a multispecies grazing system. Acta theriologica 31, 271- 291.
• Putman R.J. (1996) Competition and Resource Partitioning in Temperate Ungulate Assemblies. Chapman and Hall, London, 200 pp.
• Wray, S. (1994) Competition between muntjac and other herbivores in a commercial coniferous forest. Deer 9, 237-242.

Predation

• Jedrzejewski, W., Apollonio, M , Jedrzejewska, B. and Kojola, I. (2009) Ungulate-large carnivore relationships in Europe. In R.J.Putman, M. Apollonio, and R.Andersen (eds.) Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices. in press with Cambridge University Press and references contained.
• Putman, R.J. (2008) Relative roles of cull and non-cull mortality in populations of red and roe deer. Contract report for the Deer Commission for Scotland.
• Aanes, R. &Andersen, R. (1996) The effects of sex, time of birth, and habitat on the vulnerability of roe deer fawns to red fox predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 1857-1865.
• Andersen, R. Karlsen, J., Austmo, L. B., Odden, J., Linnell, J. D. C. &Gaillard, J. M. Selectivity of Eurasian lynx and recreational hunters for age, sex and condition in roe deer. Wildlife Biology in press.
• Angerbjörn, A., Tannerfeldt, M., &Erlinge, S. (1999). Predator-prey relations: Arctic foxes and lynx (Lynx lynx) in a human-dominated landscape. Journal of Zoology, 270: 31-39.
• Apollonio M., Mattioli L., Scandura M., Mauri L., Gazzola A. and Avanzinelli E. (2004) Wolves in the Casentinesi Forests: insights for wolf conservation in Italy from a protected area with a rich wild prey community. Biological Conservation 120: 249-260.
• Breitenmoser, U. &Haller, H. (1993) Patterns of predation by reintroduced European lynx in the Swiss Alps. Journal of Wildlife Management, 57, 135-144.
• Gazzola, A., Bertelli, I., Avanzinelli, E., Tolosano, A., Bertotto, P. &Apollonio, M. (2005) Predation by wolves (Canis lupus) on wild and domestic ungulates of the western Alps, Italy. Journal of Zoology, 266, 205-213.
• Jarnemo A., Liberg O., Lockowandt S., Olsson A. and Wahlstrom K. (2004) Predation by red fox on European red deer fawns in relation to age, sex, and birth date. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82: 416-422.
• Jedrzejewska, B. and Jedrzejewski, W. (1998) Predation in vertebrate communities. The Bialowieza Primeval Forest as a case study. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
• Jedrzejewski W., Schmidt K., Milkowski L., Jedrzejewska B. and Okarma H. (1993). Foraging by lynx and its role in ungulate mortality: the local (Bialowieza Forest) and the Palaearctic viewpoints. Acta Theriologica 38: 385-403.
• Jobin, A., Molinari, P. and Breitenmoser, U. (2000) Prey spectrum, prey preference and consumption rates of Eurasian lynx in the Swiss Jura Mountains. Acta Theriologica, 45, 243-252.
• Linnell, J. D. C., Aanes, R. &Andersen, R. (1995) Who killed Bambi? The role of predation in the neonatal mortality of temperate ungulates. Wildlife Biology, 1, 209-224.
• Okarma, H., Jedrzejewski, W., Schmidt, K., Kowalczyk, R. &Jedrzejewska, B. (1997) Predation of Eurasian lynx on roe deer Capreolus capreolus and red deer Cervus elaphus in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland. Acta Theriologica, 42, 203-224.
• Panzacchi, M. (2007) The ecology of red fox predation on roe deer fawns, with respect to population density, habitat and alternative prey. Unpublished PhD thesis University of Bologna.

Diseases of wild deer and deer as vectors of disease to humans/other animals

The best place to start for incidence of different diseases in different UK species are individual species accounts in:

• Harris, S. and Yalden, D.W. (eds. 2008) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook; 4th edition. The Mammal Society.

Further information is available in:

• Alexander, T.L. and Buxton, D.. (1994) Management and Diseases of Deer. Veterinary Deer Society, London

Also recommended:

• Bohm, M., White, P.C. L., Chambers, J., Smith, L. and Hutchings, M.R. (2007) Wild deer as a source of infection for livestock and humans in the UK. The Veterinary Journal 174, 260-276
• Bohm, M., White, P.C.L., Daniels, M.J., Allcroft, D.J., Munro, R. and Hutchings, M.R. (2006) The health of wild red and sika deer in Scotland: an analysis of key endoparasites and recommendations for monitoring disease The Veterinary Journal 171, 287-294
• Delahay R.J., de Leeuw A. N. S., Barlow A. M., Clifton-Hadley R. S. and Cheeseman C. L. (2002) The status of Mycrobacterium bovis infection in UK wild mammals: a review. The Veterinary Journal 164, 90-105.
• Delahay, R. J., Smith, G. C., Barlow, A. M., Walker, N., Harris, A., Clifton-Hadley, R. S. &Cheeseman, C. L. (2007). Bovine tuberculosis infection in wild mammals in the south-west region of England: A survey of prevalence and a semi-quantitative assessment of the relative risks to cattle. The Veterinary Journal 173, 287-301
• Froliche, K., Thiede, T., Kozikowski, T. and Jakob, W. (2002) A review of mutual transmission of important infectious diseases between livestock and wildlife in Europe. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 969, 4-13.
• Ward, A.I., Etherington, T.R. and Smith, G.C. (2008a) Exposure of cattle to Mycobacterium bovis excreted by deer in southwest England: a quantitative risk assessment Consultancy report to TB Programme, Food and Farming Group, Defra, London.

Deer, Ticks and Lyme disease

• Scharlemann, J.P.W., Johnson,P.W., Smith, A.A., Macdonald,D.W. and Randolph, S.E. (2008) Trends in ixodid tick abundance and distribution in Great Britain. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 22, 238-247.
• White, D.J. (1998) Lyme Disease. In Zoonoses: Biology, Clinical Practice and Public Health Control (eds. S.R.Palmer, The Lord Soulsby and D.I.H. Simpson) Oxford University Press 141-156.

Climate change and effects on deer populations

• Mysterud, A. and Saether, B-E. (2009) Climate change and implications for the future distribution and management of ungulates in Europe. In: R.J.Putman, M.Apollonio and R. Andersen (eds.): Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices. Cambridge University Press, in press.
• Cederlund, G. &Lindström, E. 1983 Effects of severe winters and fox predation on roe deer mortality. Acta Theriol 28, 7, 129-145.
• Coulson, T. N., Albon, S. D., Pemberton, J. M., Slate, J., Guinness, F. E. &Clutton-Brock, T. H. 1998 Genotype by environment interactions in winter survival in red deer. J Anim Ecol 67, 434-445.
• Gaillard, J.-M., Festa-Bianchet, M., Yoccoz, N. G., Loison, A. &Toigo, C. 2000 Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 31, 367-393.
• Groot Bruinderink, G., van der Sluis, T., Lammertsma, D., Opdam, P. &Pouwels, R. 2003 Designing a coherent ecological network for large mammals in northwestern Europe. Cons Biol 17, 549-557.
• Hoegh-Guldeberg, O., Hughes, L., McIntyre, S. M., Lindenmayer, D. B., Parmesan, C., Possingham, H. P. &Thomas, C. D. 2008 Assisted colonization and rapid climate change. Science 321, 345-346.
• IPCC 2007 Climate Change 2007 - The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
• Mysterud, A., Langvatn, R., Yoccoz, N. G. &Stenseth, N. C. 2002 Large-scale habitat variability, delayed density effects and red deer populations in Norway. J Anim Ecol 71, 569-580.
• Mysterud, A., Stenseth, N. C., Yoccoz, N. G., Langvatn, R. &Steinheim, G. 2001b Nonlinear effects of large-scale climatic variability on wild and domestic herbivores. Nature 410, 1096-1099.
• Mysterud, A., Yoccoz, N. G., Langvatn, R., Pettorelli, N. &Stenseth, N. C. 2008 Hierarchical path analysis of deer responses to direct and indirect effects of climate in northern forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 363, 2359-2368.
• Nussey, D. H., Clutton-Brock, T. H., Albon, S. D., Pemberton, J. &Kruuk, L. E. B. 2005a Constraints on plastic responses to climate variation in red deer. Biology Letters 1, 457-460.
• Nussey, D. H., Clutton-Brock, T. H., Elston, D. A., Albon, S. D. &Kruuk, L. E. B. 2005b Phenotypic plasticity in a maternal trait in red deer. J Anim Ecol 74, 387-396.
• Pettorelli, N., Mysterud, A., Yoccoz, N. G., Langvatn, R. &Stenseth, N. C. 2005a Importance of climatological downscaling and plant phenology for red deer in heterogeneous landscapes. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B 272, 2357-2364.
• Pettorelli, N., Vik, J. O., Mysterud, A., Gaillard, J.-M., Tucker, C. &Stenseth, N. C. 2005b Using the satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to assess ecological responses to environmental change. Trends Ecol Evol 20, 503-510.
• Weladji, R. B., Klein, D. R., Holand, Ø. &Mysterud, A. 2002 Comparative response of Rangifer tarandus and other northern ungulates to climatic variability. Rangifer 22, 33-50.